Computers perform tasks as a result of a combination of hardware, software, input, and output. The CPU, or central processing unit, is where most of the heavy lifting takes place. While the technical aspects of what makes computers work can be difficult for a non-professional to understand, the mechanical aspects can give you a clear idea of what and how things happen internally.
A computer motherboard.
Computers are powered by a series of closely interconnected hardware devices. Looking at a computer from the outside, the basic parts are the system case, which can be a tower for a desktop machine or the body of a laptop; the monitor; and keyboard A mouse or trackpad may or may not be essential for a computer to function, depending on the type and model. Many computers also have a CD or other drive in their case.
Installing additional RAM can help speed up your computer.
Most of the essential things that make computers work are inside the case, away from your eyes. The motherboard is the central point of the computer, where all the various components connect and communicate with each other. The key to allowing a computer to function is the central processing unit (CPU), the central stop for all the processes the computer goes through. When a command is sent, such as “open a program” or “turn on the monitor”, the CPU interprets this command and acts accordingly.
A computer’s power supply is important to ensure that it gets the electricity it needs to run.
Once the computer is turned on or booted up, the CPU starts activating certain sections so that it can give access to programs and processes. Computers are powered by CPUs, which allow user access, so if the boot process isn’t working properly, it could mean the computer is unusable, even if everything else inside is working properly.
A graphics card is what allows graphics to be displayed on a computer.
Memory is also extremely important in allowing a computer to function. The two main types of memory are random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). ROM is stored data and cannot be written; RAM is memory that can be read and written, allowing new data to be saved. In many cases, additional RAM can be added.
A flash drive, a type of computer drive used to store data.
One type of ROM is the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS), which is responsible for communication between a computer’s software and hardware. When a computer is first turned on, the BIOS checks basic data such as hard memory, RAM, installed cards, and other devices. The BIOS also looks for boot errors and offers to fix them if necessary.
A dual core CPU mounted on a motherboard.
Other less central, but no less vital, parts that allow computers to function include the power supply, transformer, and battery. These parts ensure that each component gets the electricity it needs in the right amount and that key information is saved even when the power is out. Computer drives, including hard drives, flash drives, and any drives with removable media, such as CD-ROM drives, allow the user to load new data and applications onto the computer and save files. The cooling system helps prevent all components from overheating.
The computer mouse.
Most computers also have other components without which a computer would be more difficult to use. Graphics cards allow the computer to display graphics on the monitor and they come in many different levels. Sound cards allow the computer to play sounds. Connecting to the Internet or other computers requires a modem. Most computers come with all of these components, and often the owner may upgrade each one to newer or more advanced versions.
A screenshot of the BIOS setup screen.
Input/Output (I/O) is the name given to the processes or components needed to interact with the CPU and make computers work. These include the monitor and keyboard, but also CD-ROMs and removable flash memory cards. Input/output processes allow you to tell the computer to do something, which makes it essential for interaction and use.
The laptop.
A desktop PC.
CD-ROM drives allow users to upload new data to the computer.
A cooling pad can help prevent your laptop from overheating during certain tasks, such as playing video games.
Computer monitors show the programs that are being used.
A computer’s hard drive stores much of its data.
Various computer drives allow users to save information or files.
